Emulating large LEO satellite networks with eBPF

Project publication · Computer Networks

Summary

The article presents bLEO, an eBPF-based emulator for studying large-scale LEO satellite networks with changing link conditions.

Arquitectura de configuración, control y datos del emulador bLEO
Figure 2. General structure of the bLEO emulation tool. Source: Computer Networks / Elsevier; reproduced with attribution under CC BY 4.0.

Main contribution

The main contribution is to bring an efficient representation of satellites, ground stations and terminals into Linux emulation, updating delays and connectivity directly in the kernel datapath.

Resultados y alcance

Los experimentos confirman que bLEO puede representar constelaciones amplias y actualizar enlaces dinámicos con una sobrecarga contenida gracias a eBPF. La validación reproduce retardos, cambios de ruta y conectividad orbital, aunque la fidelidad final depende de los modelos de enlace y del hardware utilizado por el emulador.

Link with BoND1

BoND1 needs evaluation tools able to represent dynamic non-cellular connectivity. This work provides an experimental basis for analyzing LEO constellations as part of B6G and IoT scenarios, with emphasis on scalability and reproducibility.

DOIUPCT RepositoryRelated software

Project publication · Computer Networks

Summary

The paper presents bLEO, an eBPF-based emulator for studying large-scale LEO satellite networks with changing link conditions.

bLEO emulator configuration, control and data architecture
Figure 2. General structure of the bLEO emulation tool. Source: Computer Networks / Elsevier; reproduced with attribution under CC BY 4.0.

Bibliometric indicators

JCR quartileQ2
Impact factor4.7
Google Scholar citations0
JCR area
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
JCR year
2025
Scholar query
26 October 2026

Main contribution

The main contribution is to move an efficient representation of satellites, ground stations and terminals to the Linux emulation plane, updating delays and connectivity directly in the kernel datapath.

Results and scope

Experiments confirm that bLEO can represent large constellations and update dynamic links with limited overhead thanks to eBPF. The validation reproduces delays, path changes and orbital connectivity, although the final fidelity depends on the link models and the hardware used by the emulator.

Link with BoND1

BoND1 needs assessment tools capable of representing dynamic non-cellular connectivity. This work provides an experimental basis to analyze LEO constellations as part of B6G and IoT scenarios, with emphasis on scalability and reproducibility.

DOIUPCT RepositoryAssociated software

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